Duke of Wellington
Also called: Arthur Wellesley
Arthur Wellesley, British general and statesman who drove the French out of the Iberian Peninsula and defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815; later prime minister
Also called: Arthur Wellesley
Arthur Wellesley, British general and statesman who drove the French out of the Iberian Peninsula and defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815; later prime minister
The wars between Napoleon's France and coalitions of Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia. France came to dominate most of the Continent but collapsed after the failed invasion of Russia.
Napoleon, who had escaped Elba and become emperor again, was defeated at Waterloo in Belgium by Wellington’s Anglo-allied army and Blücher’s Prussians. The Hundred Days and the Napoleonic era came to an end.

Emperor of Russia (1801–1825) who defeated Napoleon's invasion, attended the Congress of Vienna in person and proposed the Holy Alliance
Russian field marshal who fought Napoleon's army at Borodino in 1812, gave up Moscow and then pursued and shattered the retreating French
From the Declaration of Independence to the German Empire — a century in which liberalism and nationalism toppled the old order in Europe and the Americas and built nation-states