Ming general who trained volunteer troops (the “Qi family army”) to defeat the wokou in Zhejiang and Fujian and later guarded the northern Wall; his manual Jixiao xinshu became the model for Joseon’s Military Training Command
In the mid-sixteenth century the Ming suffered at once from Mongol raids under Altan Khan in the north and from wokou pirates mixed with smugglers along the southern coast. Only around 1570, by lifting the sea ban and making peace with the Mongols, did it gain some relief.
Khan of the Tümed Mongols who raided across the Great Wall year after year to force trade on the Ming and besieged Beijing in 1550; he made peace in 1571 and was enfeoffed as Prince Shunyi
The age when the Ming, shaken by northern raiders, southern pirates and the silver economy, fell to Li Zicheng’s rebels, and the Manchu Qing reached its greatest extent and prosperity under Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong — as Japan was unified out of the Warring States into the Edo shogunate’s bakuhan order and closed country, and Joseon, after two great wars, met its neighbours through embassies to Edo and the Northern Learning