Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi
Governor of al-Andalus who crossed the Pyrenees into Francia in 732 and was killed at the Battle of Tours–Poitiers
Governor of al-Andalus who crossed the Pyrenees into Francia in 732 and was killed at the Battle of Tours–Poitiers
The army of Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, governor of al-Andalus, advancing north across the Pyrenees, was defeated between Tours and Poitiers by the Frankish mayor of the palace Charles Martel.
Mayor of the palace of the Frankish kingdom who defeated the Muslim army at Tours–Poitiers in 732; his authority paved the way for his son Pepin to found the Carolingian dynasty
From the fall of Rome in the West to Canossa — the feudal West built by the Franks and the papacy, Byzantium as heir of Rome, and a church divided east and west
From the revelation to Muhammad to the Seljuk entry into Baghdad — 450 years in which a new faith from Arabia built a civilisation stretching from Iberia to Central Asia and reached as far as Silla by sea