Erich Honecker
Leader of East Germany (1971–1989) who had organized the building of the Berlin Wall and was ousted amid the protests of autumn 1989
Born into a Saarland miner’s family, he joined the communist youth movement and spent ten years in Nazi prisons. After the war he led the Free German Youth and, as the SED Central Committee secretary for security, organized the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961. Succeeding Ulbricht in 1971, he won international recognition through the Basic Treaty and UN membership and expanded social welfare, while foreign debt mounted. Rejecting Gorbachev’s reforms, he was forced out in October 1989; after unification he was tried over the shootings at the Wall, released on grounds of illness, and died in Chile.