Conflict21 February – 18 December 1916

Battle of Verdun

The German army attacked the fortress zone of Verdun for nearly ten months to bleed the French army dry, but the French under Pétain held. Casualties on both sides reached some 700,000.

French soldiers of the 87th Regiment sheltering in their trenches on Hill 304 at Verdun, 1916
French soldiers of the 87th Regiment sheltering in their trenches on Hill 304 at Verdun, 1916

French photographer · Public domain · Source

On 21 February 1916 the German chief of staff Falkenhayn struck at Verdun, a fortress city France could never give up, aiming to wear the French army out through bloodletting. After a colossal bombardment Fort Douaumont soon fell, but Pétain, in charge of the defence, kept men and supplies moving without pause along the one remaining supply road, the “Sacred Way”, and held on.

Under the slogan “They shall not pass” the French rotated unit after unit through the line, and once the Somme offensive began in July the German attack lost its force. The French retook Douaumont in October and the battle ended in December. In ten months some 700,000 men were killed or wounded on both sides, yet the front barely moved. Verdun became the symbol of attrition and, for the French, of endurance to the end.

The map in 1916

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States at the time
France · victor
Germany · defeated

People

  • Philippe Pétain1856 – 1951

    commander · French general who became a hero for leading the defence of Verdun in 1916, but after France’s 1940 surrender headed the Vichy regime and was sentenced to life imprisonment for treason after the war

Before and after

Earlier
1915 Gallipoli Campaign

Themes that include this event

  • World War I and the Russian Revolution1908 – 1923

    From the Balkan crises to a war of trenches and total mobilization that toppled four empires; the Russian Revolution it unleashed, which created the first socialist state; and the Versailles settlement of national self-determination and the League of Nations